- Rename VPN references to Proxy across pages, images, routes, and i18n
- Fix SSR cross-request state pollution in axios boot (per-request instances)
- Remove duplicate state property and unsafe JSON.parse in global store
- Add .catch() to unhandled API promises, replace empty catch blocks with console.error
- Remove 25+ debug console.log statements from production code
- Remove 123 unused image assets (entire image/ dir + 79 files from public/images/)
- Remove vpnMentor and VPNCompare logos from Home page
- Remove /shareIP navbar/footer links (blank page)
- Replace VPN Server labels with Proxy Server in SVG diagrams

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <[email protected]>